Of 84 AI ethics guidelines collected worldwide by 2019, private companies issued the largest share (19, or 22.6%), ahead of governmental agencies (18) and academic and research institutions (9).

SocioLens project,

Claim LD08-SL-C14 (v1.0)

Of 84 AI ethics guidelines collected worldwide by 2019, private companies issued the largest share (19, or 22.6%), ahead of governmental agencies (18) and academic and research institutions (9).

Research opportunities this claim motivates

What this claim leaves open for research. Each is a hypothesis about a gap, not a finding.

Who writes research on AI's social effects outside arXiv?Companies issued the largest share of AI ethics guidelines collected by 2019.

Provenance and status

Claim type: Fact
Publication status: Eligible for publication, with qualifiers: preprint
Verification state: Checked against the primary source; the source is a preprint. Who checked this claim is not recorded for it; claim checks so far were AI-led, and no person has checked claims against their sources.
Does not license: A claim about research, or about the share today
Limitations: Read in the preprint (arXiv:1906.11668, version 1, June 2019, headed “Preprint version” and titled “Artificial Intelligence: the global landscape of ethics guidelines”), which predates the journal article; search to 23 April 2019 in five languages, with an English-language bias; guidelines are not research
Source (as cited): Jobin, Ienca & Vayena, “The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines,” Nature Machine Intelligence, 2019
Source type: Peer-reviewed journal article (recorded as “Peer-reviewed journal article”)
Institutional position: Independent academic (ETH Zurich)
Maturity of the evidence: Mature evidence
Recorded date: 16 October 2026
Currentness / correction: This is the current version. No correction or concern is recorded on its sources.

Sources this version cites

Jobin, Ienca & Vayena, “The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines,” Nature Machine Intelligence, 2019 (Peer-reviewed journal article)
Read the original

Version

This is the current version, v1.0. Earlier versions stay available, and their records never change.

Versions: v1.0 · current

Raw record: every recorded field, with its coded values

All 25 canonical Claim fields, verbatim, with the coded values derived from them. The plain-language labels above are read from these.

Claim type (coded): FACT (as printed: “FACT”)
Publication status (coded): ELIGIBLE (PREPRINT) (as printed: “ELIGIBLE WITH PREPRINT QUALIFIER”)
Verification state (coded): CONTENT_VERIFIED_PRIMARY (PREPRINT)
Source type (coded): PEER_REVIEWED_JOURNAL_ARTICLE
Maturity (coded): MATURE

#	Canonical field	Canonical value (verbatim)	Normalized (Claim Value Vocabulary v1.0.2)
1	CLAIM ID	LD08-SL-C14	—
2	PUBLIC-FACING CLAIM	Of 84 AI ethics guidelines collected worldwide by 2019, private companies issued the largest share (19, or 22.6%), ahead of governmental agencies (18) and academic and research institutions (9).	—
3	CLAIM TYPE	FACT	base_types: FACT
4	RESEARCH STRAND	A — Who produces knowledge about AI	—
5	MATURITY	MATURE	states: MATURE
6	SOURCE	Jobin, Ienca & Vayena, “The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines,” Nature Machine Intelligence, 2019	source_ids: SRC-SL-JOBIN-IENCA-VAYENA-NMI-2019
7	SOURCE TYPE	Peer-reviewed journal article	classes: PEER_REVIEWED_JOURNAL_ARTICLE
8	INSTITUTIONAL POSITION	Independent academic (ETH Zurich)	—
9	SCOPE	AI ethics principles and guidelines published to 2019	—
10	DESIGN	Scoping review and content analysis	—
11	SAMPLE / DATASET	84 documents	—
12	MODEL / TOOL / VERSION	Not applicable	—
13	COMPARATOR	Other issuer types	—
14	MAIN RESULT	Private companies 19 (22.6%); governmental agencies 18 (21.4%); academic and research institutions 9 (10.7%); the US and UK together issued more than a third	—
15	INFERENTIAL TARGET	Who produced normative statements about AI early on	—
16	DOES NOT LICENSE	A claim about research, or about the share today	—
17	VERIFICATION STATE	CONTENT VERIFIED PREPRINT	state: CONTENT_VERIFIED_PRIMARY · qualifiers: PREPRINT · verified_by: UNKNOWN
18	LIMITATIONS	Read in the preprint (arXiv:1906.11668, version 1, June 2019, headed “Preprint version” and titled “Artificial Intelligence: the global landscape of ethics guidelines”), which predates the journal article; search to 23 April 2019 in five languages, with an English-language bias; guidelines are not research	—
19	CONTRADICTORY / SUPPORTING SOURCES	Ethics as contested ground: LD08-SL-C15	—
20	GEOGRAPHY / LANGUAGE	Global / English	—
21	DISTRIBUTIONAL LEDGER	Issuers concentrated in the US, UK and other economically developed countries	—
22	R01 / FIELD-MAP LINKS	LD-08, D3, D6	—
23	WHAT WOULD CHANGE THIS CLAIM?	An updated count	—
24	PUBLICATION STATUS	ELIGIBLE WITH PREPRINT QUALIFIER	state: ELIGIBLE · qualifiers: PREPRINT
25	RECORDED DATE	2026-10-16	—

Field 22 references resolved against Field Map v0.2: LD-08 (LIVING_DEBATE); D3 (DOMAIN); D6 (DOMAIN)

The sources as recorded, with their record IDs and coded source types:

Pinned Sources (field 6, version-specific)

“Jobin, Ienca & Vayena, “The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines,” Nature Machine Intelligence, 2019” → Jobin et al. (2019), “The global landscape of AI ethics…” (SRC-SL-JOBIN-IENCA-VAYENA-NMI-2019--v1.0) — Jobin, Ienca & Vayena, “The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines,” Nature Machine Intelligence, 2019; class PEER_REVIEWED_JOURNAL_ARTICLE (explicit public provenance pin)

Cited by Living Debate versions

Who can know about AI? Epistemic dependence and jurisdiction over the field (v0.1) LD-08

Cite this page

SocioLens project. (2026, October 16). Of 84 AI ethics guidelines collected worldwide by 2019, private companies issued the largest share (19, or 22.6%), ahead of governmental agencies (18) and academic and research institutions (9) [Claim LD08-SL-C14, version v1.0]. SocioLens. https://sociolens-web.pages.dev/claims/ld08-sl-c14/v1.0/

@misc{sociolens_ld08_sl_c14_v1_0,
  author = {{SocioLens project}},
  title = {Of 84 AI ethics guidelines collected worldwide by 2019, private companies issued the largest share (19, or 22.6\%), ahead of governmental agencies (18) and academic and research institutions (9).},
  year = {2026},
  date = {2026-10-16},
  howpublished = {\url{https://sociolens-web.pages.dev/claims/ld08-sl-c14/v1.0/}},
  note = {Claim LD08-SL-C14, version v1.0}
}

The link points to this version, whose record never changes. For a finding, cite the original study as well: SocioLens summarizes research and does not replace it.

Research-of-record provenance

Materialized by sociolens-materializer 0.6.0 at 2026-09-28T20:00:00.000Z; normalization contract SocioLens — Claim Value Vocabulary v1.0.2 — Pre-Spike Materialization Contract (v1.0.2). Content seal SHA-256 614f90284aa697de0d4ba7ab2f56faff6201a38cfa0afa5637d7e7b1b4810c5b.

Repository-authored inputs (not Drive exports)

SocioLens claim — LD08-SL-C14 v1.0 (v1.0) — written in the SocioLens repository by Project Lead (Claude, AI) on 2026-10-16; no Drive identity exists. Authority: AGENTS.md "Authority" (the Project Lead decides research content within the research-integrity rules) and the Owner's choice in the SocioLens project chat on 16 October 2026 to build the LD-08 debate; a new Claim, first version, written from the project's LD-08 source notes, checked against full texts, official web pages or official abstracts. Block “ENTRY 14 — LD08-SL-C14” SHA-256 6e471e8233dad555ae2177a26475c5f3e59f47c118969a67aab4816b542cfdd9; fixture fixtures/authored/claims/LD08-SL-C14--v1.0.

Builder decisions (not Drive data)

VERSION = v1.0 — basis: Claim version taken from the repository-authored claim fixture version (SocioLens claim — LD08-SL-C14 v1.0); the first version of a new Claim of the LD-08 debate
CURRENT_POINTER = true — basis: repository-authored claim "SocioLens claim — LD08-SL-C14 v1.0" (Project Lead (Claude, AI), 2026-10-16); basis: AGENTS.md "Authority" (the Project Lead decides research content within the research-integrity rules) and the Owner's choice in the SocioLens project chat on 16 October 2026 to build the LD-08 debate; a new Claim, first version, written from the project's LD-08 source notes, checked against full texts, official web pages or official abstracts
FIELD_6_SOURCE_REFERENCE = SRC-SL-JOBIN-IENCA-VAYENA-NMI-2019--v1.0 — basis: field 6 of ENTRY 14 — LD08-SL-C14 cites "Jobin, Ienca & Vayena, “The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines,” Nature Machine Intelligence, 2019"; the only field-6 segment of this ClaimVersion's repository-authored ledger block.
SOURCE_PROVENANCE_PIN = SRC-SL-JOBIN-IENCA-VAYENA-NMI-2019--v1.0 — basis: explicit version-pinned public provenance of this ClaimVersion (Amendment v1.2 §6): the pinned field-6 Source record "Jobin, Ienca & Vayena, “The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines,” Nature Machine Intelligence, 2019".